As the European Radon Behavioural Atlas measures latent psychological constructs, the study employed the development, application, and validation of both reflective and formative measurement scales. The distinction between these two types lies in the direction of causality: reflective scales assume that the latent construct causes variation in the observed indicators (items), whereas formative scales posit that the items collectively define or form the construct. Selecting the appropriate scale type is critical to ensuring valid and reliable measurement.

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Reflective scales were constructed using Principal Axis Factoring (PAF) without rotation. Items with factor loadings above 0.50 were retained. Internal consistency of these unidimensional constructs was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha, with all scales achieving a threshold of α ≥ 0.70, indicating acceptable reliability. A supplementary Excel file provides a summary of each scale, including item composition and reliability statistics by country.

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In addition to multi-item constructs, certain attitudes were measured using single-item indicators, such as perceived ease of mitigation, perceived visual and economic impact, and perceived comprehensiveness of information. Awareness of radon was also assessed through a single item: “Do you know about radon?” with response options: Yes / I have heard of it / No.

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To examine the relationships between socio-psychological variables and behavioural intention to engage in protective actions, Pearson’s correlation analyses were conducted. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25, with statistical significance set at p < .05.